Sonority · function · progression · voice leading · cadence · tuning

Harmony

Study how simultaneous pitches form sonorities, how those sonorities connect through time, and how voice leading, function, cadence, register, and tuning change what a progression does without reducing harmony to a single recipe.

Voice-leading lab

A chord is vertical. Harmony also moves horizontally.

Keep the chord identities fixed and change only their voicing. The colored lines trace three voices from one sonority to the next, making common tones, stepwise motion, and larger leaps visible.

C4
C4
E4
G4
I
C major
tonic
C4
F4
A4
IV
F major
predominant
B3
D4
G4
V
G major
dominant
C4
E4
G4
I
C major
tonic
selected progression
I → IV → V → I

Tonic departs through predominant and dominant before returning.

total voice motion
12
semitone steps across 3 voices
voicing
compact
same chord labels, different pitch placement
What changed?

The Roman-numeral progression did not change. Only register and inversion changed. Voice leading is one layer of harmonic organization, not a score for how “good” the progression is.

chord identity voicing voice motion heard continuity
Interval tuning lens

The same interval can be tuned more than one way.

Twelve-tone equal temperament divides the octave into twelve equal logarithmic steps. Just intonation instead describes selected intervals with whole-number frequency ratios.

reference tone + equal-tempered interval
12-TET factor
1.4983
2^(7/12)
just example
3:2
1.5000
A 3:2 fifth is slightly wider than the equal-tempered fifth.
Frequency relationships help describe tuning and beating, but they do not assign one universal emotional meaning or a single culture-independent consonance ranking to every interval.
Harmony coordinates

One chord can participate in several different stories.

Harmonic analysis asks multiple questions at once. Roman numerals can describe scale-degree relationships in tonal music, but other repertoires may organize harmony through modes, drones, pitch-class sets, parallel sonorities, timbre, tuning systems, or practices that do not center functional tonality at all.

Sonority

Which pitches are sounding together right now?

Function

What role does this harmony play inside a tonal context?

Progression

How does one sonority lead to the next?

Voice leading

How do individual pitch lines move through those sonorities?

Cadence

Does a phrase create arrival, continuation, interruption, or ambiguity?

Tuning

Which frequency system determines the exact pitch relationships?

“Tension” and “resolution” are useful analytical words in many musical contexts, but they are not universal emotional labels attached permanently to particular chords or intervals.