Humanities // Arts

MUSIC THEORY

Music is physics felt by the soul. Theory is the study of the patterns, structures, and mathematical relationships that make sound pleasing, tense, or resolving.

The Overtone Series

When you pluck a string, you don't just hear one note. You hear a fundamental frequency plus a series of fainter, higher frequencies (Harmonics). These ratios (2:1, 3:2, 4:3) are the physical basis for all chords.

[Image of piano keyboard note layout]

Intervals

The distance between two notes. A Perfect Fifth (7 semitones) is the most stable interval after the Octave. A Tritone (6 semitones) is the most unstable ("The Devil's Interval").

Ca minNatural
Harmonic Function
I - Tonic
C Major
Home. Stable. The key center.
IV - Subdominant
F Major
Moving away from home. Creates tension.
V - Dominant
G Major
Maximum tension. Pulls strongly back to I.
Common Progression (I-IV-V)
CFGC

Why the Circle Matters?

The Circle of Fifths is the periodic table of music. It tells you:

  • Which keys are "close" to each other (share notes).
  • How many sharps/flats are in a key signature.
  • The path of harmonic resolution (V resolving to I).
[Image of circle of fifths diagram]